Introduction Essential Performance has been a mysterious term ever since its introduction in International Standard IEC 60601-1-2 in 2001. Essential Performance is not unique to IEC 60601-1-2, but originates in the general standard, IEC 60601-1, and is used throughout all the collateral and part 2 standards of the IEC 60601 family of standards for medical electric equipment, … [Read more...]
Standards
Using a TEM Cell for Radiated Emissions and Immunity Troubleshooting
Many companies would welcome a full EMC compliance test chamber if it weren’t for budget and real estate considerations. Yet, they would like the opportunity to develop a low-cost troubleshooting solution for assessing radiated emissions and radiated immunity prior to going off for formal compliance testing. While I’ve written many articles [References 1 to 8] on how to … [Read more...]
Advantages of Using a Pre-Certified Radio Frequency Module in an IoT Application
Learn the benefits of using a pre-certified radio frequency (RF) module in the design phase when building a new IoT application, and learn the implications in EMC and Radio certifications. The Internet of Things (IoT) is revolutionizing the quantity and manner in which we exchange and store information. Historically, people exchanged information through reading and … [Read more...]
Millimeter Wave Applications and Promise
Imagine a radio frequency wavelength about the thickness of your pinky nail. This is a new area for technology applications. A growing area in spectrum development is exploding. For many decades, very high frequencies (millimeter waves) have been the playground of radio-astronomers to image our solar system, stars, and galaxies. This space is “new” fertile ground for sensing … [Read more...]
CubeSats: Flying Above and Within the Fray
All satellites are vulnerable to a wide variety of EMC and environmental effects, from launch to deployment. Of particular concern is the effects of Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) events. These are caused by sun activities that result in waves of cosmic rays and particles and electromagnetic energy. Significant CME events occur in sync with the “11 Year Sunspot Cycle” which, … [Read more...]
Introduction to MIL-STD-461G
Where MIL-STD-464C serves as a system/platform level set of requirements, MIL-STD-461G serves as an equipment/subsystem level set of requirements. Similar to MIL-STD-464C, MIL-STD-461G was developed as an “Interface Standard” to allow usage without a waiver. The overall structure of the two documents is also the same in that both have a contractual main body and a very … [Read more...]
Using An Oscilloscope To Verify EMC Tests For Automotive Electronics
Consumer demand for more entertainment, safety, and communication options within automobiles has significantly increased both the density of electronic components and the number of on-board wired and wireless signals. The result: an ever-expanding range of signals contained within the same car-sized fixed space. USING AN OSCILLOSCOPE TO VERIFY EMC TESTS FOR AUTOMOTIVE … [Read more...]
Basic EMC Concepts
Introduction Understanding EMC is all about two important concepts: (1) all currents flow in loops and (2) high frequency signals are propagated as electromagnetic waves in transmission lines. Currents Flow in Loops These two concepts are closely related and coupled to one another. The problem we circuit designers miss is defining the return path back to the source. If you … [Read more...]
Techniques For Mitigating Intrapair Skew-Induced EMI With Shielded Connectors
Introduction EMI stands for electromagnetic interference. There are several methods of EMI transmission from the source to the victim. Two of them are radiated EMI and conducted EMI. Radiated EMI happens when an electrical device produces an RF signal that is picked up and causes unwanted effects. Conducted EMI is unintentional energy carried out of the source via signal … [Read more...]
A Beginner’s Guide to EMP Filters – Part 2
Resiliency of Critical Infrastructure Presidential Policy Directive (PPD) -21, Critical Infrastructure Security and Resilience directs all federal departments and agencies to identify, prioritize and provide a plan to protect their physical and cyber critical infrastructure. The U.S. Department of Labor created the DOL Critical Infrastructure Security & Resilience Program … [Read more...]
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