All satellites are vulnerable to a wide variety of EMC and environmental effects, from launch to deployment. Of particular concern is the effects of Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) events. These are caused by sun activities that result in waves of cosmic rays and particles and electromagnetic energy. Significant CME events occur in sync with the “11 Year Sunspot Cycle” which, … [Read more...]
Guide to Real-Time Spectrum Analyzers: Types
Introduction The spectrum analyzer is the one “go-to” tool for every RF, microwave, and EMC/EMI engineer. In recent years, a new acquisition technology has developed, based on FFT capture and digital signal processing – the real-time (RT) spectrum analyzer. This series of articles will review the basics of conventional swept versus real-time spectrum analyzers and highlight … [Read more...]
Filter Installation Issues Pt. 2: The Synergy of Filtering and Shielding
This article is part 2 of a three-part Filter Installation Issues series. Read Part 1: Input and Output Conductors here. Some mains filter manufacturers only design and specify their filters to provide attenuation over the frequency range of the conducted emissions tests (typically up to 30MHz for commercial and industrial products), to keep costs low. Unfortunately, if … [Read more...]
Space Weather – Predicting EMC Effects of Solar Storms
When we think about weather, we know what it is. We feel it, worry about it, and talk about the heat, the moisture, the wind. Weather is dynamic, though mostly predictable because we can measure its conditions. We also know that the atmosphere involves large scale electrical activity. Cloud masses move above and below each other, generating enormous static-electricity … [Read more...]
Use of Ferrite-Loaded Absorber to Reduce Wireless Self-Interference
Self-generated EMI from DC-DC converters, as well as digital and video processing, has long plagued designers of wireless and IoT devices, especially since physical sizes have trended smaller. The broadband harmonic content often extends up through 1.5 GHz, which includes most wireless protocols, cellular LTE and GPS/GNSS bands. One new mitigation technique I’ve been trying … [Read more...]
5 Ways to Eliminate Ground Loops — Part 2
As we discussed in Part 1, Ground Loops, while often not obvious, can be a significant source of frustration for system operators and integrators. This phenomenon manifests as unwanted electrical noise – audible hums in speakers, jitter on screens, noisy measurements, and bad measurement data – and it can even lead to unexpected communications loss and equipment … [Read more...]
Demystifying the Math of EMC
As we progress through the fold of technological developments, be it in commercial products, military advancements, automotive electronics, or any of the other industries where electromagnetic devices are developed, EMI will be present and EMC testing will be required. For those technical personnel who are walking into a laboratory for the first time, learning EMC because … [Read more...]
Filter Installation Issues: Input and Output Conductors
Real-life filter performance is totally dependant on how they are installed, especially on the impedance of the RF Reference and the impedance of the method used to electrically bond the filter to its RF Reference. Not only should these impedances be much lower than that of the shunt capacitors in the filters, they should also allow the internal and external CM surface currents … [Read more...]
5 Ways to Eliminate Ground Loops — Part 1
A Brief Introduction Most workers already know that proper grounding is a fundamental safety precaution for all kinds of electrical equipment. However, it’s less well known that while grounding can prevent and resolve many safety and power issues, improper grounding can create problems in data logging, data acquisition, and measurement and control systems. One of the most … [Read more...]
Designing and Selecting Filters: Using Soft Ferrite Cores
All inductors (L) suffer from RF resonances, and are only effective in filters at frequencies not far above their first (parallel) resonance (see section 1.8.1 of [7]). But so-called ‘soft ferrites’ behave resistively at RF, and the resulting lack of RF resonances helps make filters that use them have better and more predictable performance at RF. For example, a typical small … [Read more...]
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